By Raúl Zibechi, Roar Magazine
As the media stopped paying attention, many forgot about the
Zapatista revolt. But quietly, away from the spotlight, they have deepened
their autonomy.
Quietly, away from the spotlight and cameras, the Zapatista
communities have deepened their autonomous construction to the point that one
can now speak of a different society, governed by rules, codes, and laws
distinct from those of the mainstream world.
At his six-year-old height, Carlos Manuel hugs his father’s
waist as if he’ll never let go. He looks up at the ceiling and smiles. Julián,
his father, tries to escape. The child gives up, but stays close to his dad.
Irma, his eight year-old sister, observes from the kitchen corner where their
mother, Esther, is working over a wood stove, flipping the corn tortillas that
are still the staple food of rural families. The three other children,
including the oldest, 16 year-old Francisco, observe the scene that is repeated
like a ritual at every meal.
The kitchen is a place for talking, for chats that spread
slowly like the smoke that rises above the zinc rooftop. The words are as
frugal and flavorful as the food: beans, corn, coffee, bananas and some
vegetables, all planted without chemicals and harvested and processed by hand.
Chicken raised out in the open countryside has a different flavor, like all of
the food in this Tojolabal community.
Upon finishing, they all wash their own plates and spoons,
even the father, who at times helps prepare the food. I ask if this is normal
in these parts, and they tell me that it is customary in Zapatista communities.
But not in the communities of the “bad government”, those they call the “PRI
brothers” without sarcasm. These communities, adjacent to the ones that bear
the black flag with a red star, receive food and vouchers from the government.
The government builds brick houses with floors for them.
Throughout the week there wasn’t a single gesture of
aggression between mother, father, and children. Not even a grumpy or
reproachful one. It seems the prohibition of alcohol softens human relations.
The women are the ones who most enjoy the changes. “I can tell the Zapatistas
by the way they carry themselves, especially the women,” journalist Hermann
Bellinghausen remarks.
The day the world ends
This new chapter in Zapatista history began on December 21,
2012, a day marked by the media as the end of the world, and by the Maya as the
beginning of a new era. Tens of thousands of EZLN support bases amassed in the
five Caracoles, or local government seats, in Chiapas, the same ones that were
taken over on January 1, 1994. The reappearance of the Zapatistas shocked a
large part of Mexican society. Not only had they not disappeared, but they had
resurfaced with more force, showing they were able to mobilize a significant
amount of people in military formation, albeit without weapons.
In a December 30 communiqué, Subcomandante Marcos assured
that “over the years we have gotten stronger, and we have significantly
improved our living conditions. Our standard of living is higher than those of
indigenous communities who receive handouts from the government and waste them
on alcohol and other useless things.” He adds that, unlike what happens in
communities linked to the PRI, in Zapatista communities “women are not sold as
merchandise,” and that “indigenous PRI members go to our hospitals, clinics and
laboratories because there isn’t any medicine, equipment, doctors or qualified
personnel in those run by the government.”
Some of this could be substantiated by those who attended
the Little Zapatista School, or Escuelita, on August 12-16. Only “fellow
travelers” were summoned to the school, which is a profound shift in Zapatista
methods of relating to civil society. “From now on, our word will be selective
in its destination, and, except on limited occasions, will only be able to be
understood by those who have, and who continue to, walk without surrendering to
current media trends,” the communiqué reads.
Subcomandante Marcos adds that “very few will have the
privilege” of coming to know the other way of doing politics. In a series of
communiqués titled “Us and Them”, the Zapatistas emphasized the differences
between the culture of the political system and Zapatista “culture from below”,
asserting that they are not proposing “to build a large organization with a
governing center, a centralized command, or a boss, whether individual or
group.”
The Zapatistas emphasize that unity of action should respect
diversity in ways of doing things. “Any attempt at homogeneity is nothing more
than a fascist attempt at domination; in this way it’s concealed under
revolutionary, esoteric, religious, or other language. When speaking of
‘unity’, they don’t tell you that that ‘unity’ is under the command of someone
or something — individual or collective. At the fallacious altar of ‘unity’,
differences are sacrificed and the persistence of all of the small worlds of
tyranny and injustice we suffer is hidden.”
To understand this approach, which led the Zapatistas to
pioneer the Escuelita in August, we have to understand the problems they came
across in relation with the electoral Left, and also with people who, in their
opinion, “appear when there are soapboxes and disappear when it’s time for the
silent work.” The logic of the Escuelita is the opposite of that political
culture. It is not a matter of going to listen to the comandantes or
Subcomandante Marcos, but rather to share everyday life with ordinary people.
It’s not a matter of a rational discursive transmission of codified knowledge.
It’s something else: experiencing a reality that can only be accessed through
the ritual of commitment, or being and sharing.
A new life
“We don’t have difficulties anymore,” says Julian, sitting
on a rustic wood stool in his tin roofed house with wooden walls and an earthen
floor. He says this casually, opposite someone who has been sleeping on wood
panels, barely covered by a light blanket for four days. Julian joined the clandestine
organization in 1989. Marcelino, my guardian, or Votán, joined earlier, in
1987. They speak with delight of the clandestine meetings in remote mountain
caves, dozens of Zapatistas arriving by night, while the bosses and their
capangas slept.
They would walk all night, barely returning at dawn to start
the workday. Women would make them tortillas in the dark so that they wouldn’t
arouse suspicion. All things considered, he’s right when he says that the worst
is behind them — the hacendado’s whip, humiliation, hunger, violence, and the
rape of daughters. On January 1, 1994, the hacendados fled, and the capangas
ran behind them.
The 8 de Marzo community where I arrived with fourteen other
student-outsiders (half of them Mexican, a 75 year old Yankee, one from France,
one from Colombia, two Argentines and a Uruguayan) is on land that was one day
occupied by Pepe Castellanos. His brother, Absalón, was Lieutenant Colonel,
ex-Governor, and the owner of fourteen estates usurped from indigenous people. His
abduction in that distant January was the spark that set off the flight of
landowners.
The community has more than a thousand hectares of good
land; they no longer have to farm the arid, stony hillsides. They grow
traditional food as well as fruits and vegetables on the recommendations of the
comandancia. Not only did they liberate themselves from the whip — they are
better fed and are able to save in a very particular way. Julian harvests six
sacks of coffee (some 300 kilos), leaves one for family consumption, and sells
the rest. Depending on the price, he is able to buy between two and three cows
per harvest. “The cows are the bank, and we sell them if there’s a necessity.”
By “necessity” they mean health problems. His oldest son had
to undergo medical treatment, and to cover it, he sold a bull. The community
applies the same logic. In communal lands, they carry out collective work in
coffee plantations, and buy horses and cows with the harvest. Between the
animals of the families and the communal ones, they have some 150 horses and
200 cattle.
Days before the students arrived, the water filter broke and
to repair it they decided to sell a cow. They fund the health room, the school,
and transportation and lodging-related expenses for the community members in
the same way — all in order to perform the duties of the three levels of
self-government: the local community, the autonomous municipalities, and the
Council of Good Government. Women also have community projects. In 8 de Marzo,
they had a coffee plantation, with which they bought six cows and a chicken
coop with fifty birds. They use the savings from these for transportation and
spending for women holding appointments or attending courses.
The few goods they don’t produce (salt, sugar, oil, and soap)
are purchased by families in the municipal seats, in Zapatista stores installed
on properties occupied after the 1994 uprising. There is no need to go to the
market. Their entire economy remains within a circuit they control,
self-sufficient, linked to the market, but not depending on it. Commune members
tend the stores on a rotating basis.
Julian explains that every so often he has to spend a month
in the store at Altamirano (located an hour away from his community), which
requires him to be away from home. “In that case, the community keeps up your
cornfield for fifteen days, and I help out those that have to go the store in
the same way.” Esther held a position on the Board in the Morelia caracol a
half hour away from the community, and her duties were covered in the same
manner. We can call this reciprocity.
Health and education
Every community, however small as it may be, has a small
school and a health post. In 8 de Marzo, there are 48 families, almost all
Zapatistas. The assembly elects its authorities, half men and half women, the
teachers, and those in charge of health. No one can turn these down, for it is
a service to the community.
The school runs out of the living room of the mansions
abandoned by the hacendado. The iron gate he used to pay his peons through
still remains. They could barely see the hand that dropped the coins, as the
boss’s face remained shrouded in darkness. Early in the morning, the children
gather on the basketball court in front of the mansion. They march in military step,
in line, guided by a young person of the community not over 25 years old.
Zapatista education suffers from a lack of infrastructure;
the classrooms are rickety, as are the benches and the rest of the furniture.
Teachers do not receive a salary, but are sustained by the community, the same
as the health workers. This has enormous advantages for the students: the
teachers are members of the community — they speak their language and are their
equals — while in state schools (those of the Bad Government), the teachers
aren’t indigenous, but mestizo. They don’t speak their language (and even look
down on it), they live far from the community, and maintain their distance
vertically from the students.
The climate of confidence in the autonomous schools enables
more horizontal bonds and facilitates the participation of students and their
parents in school management. Children participate in many of the community
tasks, including supporting the school and their teachers. There is no gap
between school and community here; they are part of the same network of social
relations.
If government schools have a hidden curriculum through which
they transmit values like individualism, competition, the vertical organization
of the education system and the superiority of teachers over students,
Zapatista education is the reverse. The curriculum is built collectively, and
aims for the students to take ownership of their community’s history to
reproduce and sustain it.
Since students typically work in teams, and much of school
time is spent outside of the classroom in contact with the same elements that
configure their daily lives, transformation and critique are permanent features
of building collective knowledge. What in state schools is separation and
hierarchy (teacher-student, classroom-playground, knowing-not knowing) is
complementary integration in the autonomous schools.
In the small health post, medicines produced by large
pharmaceutical companies coexist with a wide variety of medicinal plants. A
very young girl is responsible for processing syrups and ointments from those
plants. There is a bonesetter and a midwife, who together comprise the basic
health team for all Zapatista communities. In general, they tend to deal with
relatively simple situations. When it’s something more complicated, they move
the patient to the caracol clinic. If the issue can still not be resolved, they
go to the state hospital in Altamirano.
Health and education are divided on the same three levels as
the autonomous power of the Zapatistas. The most advanced clinics, including
one with a surgical unit for operating, are usually located in the caracoles.
The caracoles, which house the Councils of Good Government, also tend to house
the autonomous secondary schools.
The Little School
It takes seven hours to traverse the 100 kilometers that
separate San Cristóbal and the Morelia caracol. The caravan (containing thirty
cars and trucks) left late and advanced at a tortoise pace. Around 2:00am, we
arrived at the caracol and a maze of buildings that house the institutions of
the autonomous region, made up of three municipalities, twelve regions, and dozens
of communities governed by the Council of Good Government. There is also a
secondary school, a hospital under construction, clinics, amphitheaters,
stores, dining halls, a shoe store, and other productive enterprises.
Despite the late hour, a long line of men and another of
women await us, all wearing their paliacates. We divide up by gender and, one
by one, we get to know our Votán. Marcelino extends his hand and asks me to
accompany him. We go straight to the enormous assembly room, and fall asleep on
the hard benches.
In the morning: coffee, beans, and tortillas. The members of
the Council then speak, explaining how the Escuelita will work. In the
afternoon, almost evening, we leave for the community. Among the students were
Nora Cortinas of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo, and Hugo Blanco, the Peruvian
peasant leader and ex-guerrilla, both nearing eighty.
We arrive at the community around midnight after a half hour
of jolts on the back of a small truck. The whole community, organized in lines
of masked men, women and children, receives us with fists in the air. They
welcome us, presenting students to their host family. Julián introduces
himself, and once everyone has a family, we are off to bed.
First surprise. They divided the house up with a partition,
leaving one room for the guest with its own door, and the seven family members
piled up on the other side. They wake us at first light for breakfast. Then we
head off to work clearing the family coffee plantation, machetes in hand, until
mealtime. On the second day, we lasso cattle to be vaccinated. On the third, we
clear the communal coffee plantation. So it went each day, work combined with
detailed explanations of community life. In the afternoons, we read the four
notebooks handed out on Autonomous Government, Autonomous Resistance and the
Participation of Women in Autonomous Government, all with stories by indigenous
people and the authorities.
Students could ask the most varied questions, which does not
mean they were always answered. We could live alongside a political culture
different than the one we know — when a question was asked, they would look at
each other, quietly converse, and finally, one would answer for everyone. It
was a wonderful experience of learning by doing, sharing, and savoring the
daily lives of people who are building a new world.
