I here offer a portrait of the blues as a philosophical medium. A critical way of looking at the world from the perspective of the African diaspora, what, we may ask, can we learn from looking at philosophy in blue?
That blues music is known as a form of black music already occasions some of the pathologies of dealing with things black in western academic thought and research. As W.E.B. Du Bois observed in The Souls of Black Folk more than a century ago, to speak of that which is created by black people is almost always to address not only problems but also the realities of people treated as problems themselves. No wonder black people have the blues. In North America, the ascription became metonymic, as the late Amiri Baraka's eponymic book Blues People attests.
Part of the problem, however, is (sorry for the awkwardness) the problem's failure of problematisation. To illustrate, Jean-Paul Sartre had spent some time with Richard Wright in Harlem during his visit to the United States in 1945. Sartre purportedly asked Wright to tell him about ‘the Negro problem'.
‘What Negro problem?' Wright responded. ‘There is no
"Negro problem". There's a white problem'.
We could carry Wright's insight to the presuppositions of
thought in relation to people and things black. The presumption is that black
music must be a particular, even more-specific-kind of music bereft of
universal significance. As black music, the blues encumbers the burdens of a
presumed particularity awaiting the illumination of universal analysis.
The result of this presupposition is at least two misconceptions: the first is that because it is black, blues music is trapped in its own particularity, which means it can only offer that which refers back to itself-which is invariably experience. This makes the music in effect unreflective in that, simply as experience, it suffers from trying to figure itself out. Its metanarrative is thus not a reflective one, until, of course, it receives the universal light of theory and analysis and receives meaning. The music thus suffers from a peculiar crisis of legitimacy at the level of thought: it could only express and attempt to but never justify itself.
The second result is at the heart of the logic of
particularity and universality. Du Bois, in his discussion of double
consciousness, noticed that what is often called ‘particular' tends to include
the contradictions of society. Thus, the effort to construct the dominant and
the normative ‘pure' often involves disassociation, rejection, disavowal, and
denial of so-called ‘dark' elements of society. In effect, the dominant claim
to universality is often premised on a false assertion; namely, its universal
scope through simply ignoring what transcends it. The presumed particular,
however, requires admission of just that, which means attunement both to its
limitations and transcending them. In effect, the former requires an
artificially limited reality and the latter demands admitting the artificiality
of that limitation. In effect, it means the so-called particular is at times
more universal in scope than the proclaimed universal. Let us call this
potentiated double consciousness.
"[T]he so-called particular is at times more universal
in scope than the proclaimed universal. Let us call this potentiated double
consciousness."
The message to be learned should now be obvious. That blues
music, as black music, may actually be more universal than avowed or proffered
classical and modern music, though in truth such comparison is like contrasting
apples and oranges without remembering the nutritional value of both. It may be
so not only through an incorporation of the elements of avowed universal music
but also through reaching into territories the latter dare not venture. The
first claim to universality is simply a formal consideration. The second, more
complicated matter emerges when we reflect on what blues music is about and
also what the blues are about. Before exploring that, we need take an
additional consideration on the formal question of blackness and the blues.
The formal argument of metareflective admission of
contradictions could be called a ‘dialectical' argument. It advances knowledge
through acknowledging moments of false universality. There is, however,
something more at stake in this reflection. It also points to the limits of
dissociative and nonrelational models of thought. The metaphysical critique
here is against what could be called the notion of ‘self-contained substance'.
The idea that there could be a self-sustained thing as the ‘really real' is one
best reserved, in this critique, to the gods. The alternative model admits
relationality, where the reality of a thing is a relationship it has with other
series of relations. This relational view means that there is always another
side of thought to be considered in every act of thinking; there is, in other
words, a contingent and dark side symbiotically related to and serving as a
condition of all thought. If this is correct, then purification rituals are
futile efforts of self-denial, cultivations of false security, evasions of
reality, or, simply, bad faith.
By bad faith, I mean the effort to evade freedom, to hide
from responsibility, through investment in a version of the self and reality
that is not only false but also such that one seduces oneself to believe what
one ultimately does not believe. While often examined at an individual level,
the concept is such that it always requires a bad relationship with evidence (a
very public, appearing phenomenon). To make oneself believe what one does not
believe requires taking oneself out of a relationship with evidence through
investing in contradictory activity such as ‘non-evidential evidence',
‘relations of no relations', and so forth. In effect, evidence, which is a
social phenomenon, loses its sociality. Bad faith wages, in other words, a war
against social reality. It also attacks human existence as relational.
As to exist (from Latin, ex sistere) means to stand out, to
emerge, to appear, bad faith is an attitude of disappearance, either of the
self or of others. In either version, there is the attempted eradication of
relationality. These aspects of bad faith lead, further, to a profound struggle
with the body and embodiment, for one cannot appear except through being
somewhere and other things cannot appear without that to which they appear also
having a point of view. In effect, then, bad faith, although studied as a
condition of consciousness, is also that of the body by virtue of the
inseparability of consciousness, embodiment, and freedom: it is, in other
words, always bodies in bad faith, and as they live in a world sullied with
incomplete selves, malleable and immalleable things, the relation to all
without seeming closure, the realisation of purity as a projected ideal instead
of reality.
This conclusion of bad faith's attacks on relationality turns
much of Western thought on its head. For Plato, as we know, was antipathetic to
the shadows, which he regarded as mere appearance to be overcome through
insight into purified reality. From the perspective of potentiated double
consciousness, that would actually be a flight from reality instead of an
emersion into it. Real things, after all, cast shadows. Philosophy, in other
words, would in this sense exemplify a form of neurosis.
This neurosis is, however, also insightful. It is a story
told not only about the dark side of reality but also about the aspirations
understood through the metaphor of unshackling. At the heart of the
purification project is also one of liberation and freedom. The error, however,
is to make this flight one from the relationship with the broader dimensions of
reality to its form alone. Perhaps a different kind of relationship is called
for?
This last question brings forth an understanding of why the
blues emerged out of blackness, why, as Louie Armstrong used to lament, and
Ralph Ellison pondered in Invisible Man, there was so much blackness in blue or
the blues.
The blackness that contextualises the blues is, after all,
one of a peculiar misery wrought from a philosophical anthropology gone mad.
The modern world, premised on the expansion of an old theological order into a
global secular one, led to whole groups of people having to ask, as Frantz
Fanon observed in the penultimate chapter of Les damnés de la terre [The Damned
of the Earth, but known in the English translations as The Wretched of the
Earth]: (1) In reality, what am I? This question, I have shown in my books
Existentia Africana and An Introduction to Africana Philosophy, leads to at
least two additional ones: (2) Could I ever be liberated from dehumanizing
misery?, and (3) Are my questions justified? Do I make sense? Generalised, this
becomes: What are we? What is freedom? Is reason possible, and if so, does it
even make sense?
The dehumanisation of black people-not only in the form of
many being forced into the status of property but also in many being subjected
to the legacies of presumed subhuman status-makes the first query a logical
consequence. It also makes sense that people who were enslaved, colonised, and
subjected to social conditions of disenfranchisement would reflect on the
meaning of freedom. And finally, it makes sense that people whose efforts to
question their condition are often challenged in the form of their supposed
intrinsic lack of capacity to question their condition, would be concerned
about problems of justification.
Oddly enough, this portrait of blackness is similar to the
fundamental tenets of philosophical reflection. Philosophy, after all, begins
with questioning, and such questions lead inevitably to the metareflective one
of the questioner and her or his capacity and legitimacy in making such an
effort. This identification of a link between blackness and philosophy raises
an additional consideration: both, after all, are born of dissatisfaction and
the experience of standing on shaky ground.
Blackness faces a problem, for example, of legitimacy and
psychoanalytical melancholia. By this, I mean the formation of its identity
through a process of loss without the clear experience of ever having what is
lost. To be black is to be a rejected site of normative life in the modern
world with the realisation of being indigenous to that world. As there was no
reason for people to have considered themselves black before the set of forces
that brought blackness into being as a negative term (that is, in relation to
people, seen as not black, standing as higher or more valued beings), all
blacks ultimately face the condition of not belonging to the only world in
which they could possibly be indigenous. This contradiction raises a condition
of blackness in the modern world, one that is nothing short of blue.
"This contradiction raises a condition of blackness in
the modern world, one that is nothing short of blue."
One must ask, however, why such a plight would be
characterized by a word also designating the color blue? Debra Devi, in her
Huffington Post Arts & Culture article ‘Why Is the Blues Called "the
Blues"?' speculates its origins in the 17th century English expression ‘the
blue devils', referring to intense effects, even hallucinations, from severe
alcohol withdrawal-in other words, a killer hangover. (Think, also, of ‘the
Jones' in reference to heroine withdrawal.) The expression was eventually
shortened to ‘the blues'. This account doesn't explain, however, why the color
blue was used in the expression ‘blue devils'. Blue, as we know, could refer to
something positive such as ‘blue skies', but darkened, it also refers to that
moment before evening turns to night. Cultural history could also point to the
use of blue among West African ethnic groups, where it could refer to the regal
(when bright) and in its indigo form to mourning (see, for example, Catherine
E. McKinley, Indigo: In Search of the Color that Seduced the World). What is
clear is that the blues emerged when these worlds, African and European,
converged in the new world in conditions of misery whose reverberations echo to
the present. This adds a dimension, perhaps psychoanalytical, to the European
premise of drunken after effect: the high of modern exploitation and profit
wreaked the low of the morning hangover; reality always has its price.
This reading makes not only blackness modern but also its
correlative values and expressions. In this sense, blackness speaks to
something that modern life may reject but find unable to avoid-namely, its
relation to elements it prefers to discard. If this is correct, then the
affective expression of this reflection is indeed the leitmotif of modern
thought. Attempting to overcome its contradictions, to make itself complete and
one with itself, leads constantly to epistemic rupture, ontological dependence
(relationality), and the ethical onus of responsibility for the meaning,
maintenance, and transformation of each. The project becomes extra-systemic,
and this realization leads to a transformation of modern humanity from what
could be called expectations of childlike naivety of a consistent and neat
world (a perpetual party, no?) to the adult sensibility of paradoxes, contradictions,
and life's unfair burdens. What else is that but the blues?
The blues tell us, for instance, that what is reasonable to
take on isn't always rational. Racism, as those who suffer it experience and
understand, is never reasonable but always offers itself as coldly logical and
always, to the chagrin of many analysts, rational. As Fanon puts it in his
provocative essay ‘Racisme et culture': ‘The racist in a culture with racism is
...normal. He has achieved a perfect harmony of economic relations and ideology
in his environment... Race prejudice in fact obeys a flawless logic. A country
that lives, draws its substance from the exploitation of other peoples, makes
those peoples inferior. Race prejudice applied to those peoples is normal' (my
translation). Someone (other people) is always wrong.
These reflections thus already point to that second sense of
the blues, which challenges philosophy to be such that it deals with some of
the contradictions posed by logical argumentation (validity) that is not always
reasonable. Philosophy, it reminds us, if true to itself, must be radical in
its reach, which means it must also be self-questioning and thus confront its
relationship to those elements, whether mythic or rhythmic, that it erroneously
attempts to avoid.
In this sense, philosophy, at least in its modern
incarnation, has every reason to sing the blues, and it may be more true to
itself when its possibilities are explored through the resources of blues
people, those who, given this unfolding analysis, are no less than modern
people. The blues, in other words, is the leitmotif of modernity.
We could go further, however, as we saw in our early
reflection on Plato, and read his evocation of philosophy as facing an
opportunity to learn from the blues but in effect fleeing it. Evading the
blues, in other words, pushes philosophy on a neurotic path akin to the effort
of colonising reason through constraining it to the dictates of instrumental
rationality. Reason, in other words, demands even encounters with, as Fanon
observed in the 5th chapter of Peau noire, masques blancs [Black Skin, White
Masks], unreasonable reason. Addressing such a seemingly contradictory
phenomenon ironically calls for reasonable action, and to make it more
apparent, doing so reasonably.
Fanon, ironically, faced such a situation in his early
reflections on the blues. As he reflects in ‘Racisme et culture':Thus the blues, ‘the slave lament', is presented for the admiration of oppressors. It is some stylized oppression returned to the exploiter and the racist. There is no blues without oppression and racism. The end of racism is the death knell of great black music.... (my translation)
This is an extraordinarily asymmetrical reading of the blues.
The error Fanon makes here is the fallacy of causal permanence, where the
conditions that lead to the appearance of a phenomenon become those by which
the latter are maintained. Born of suffering, the blues, according to Fanon,
could only be maintained by that specific malediction. Thus the white who
listens to the blues is, in Fanon's reading, entertained by the suffering his
political location has created. Yet this would mean that identification with an
aesthetic production requires an intimate link to its emergence. Many people,
however, not only enjoy music that is not intimately linked to their personal
experience but also attach their own experience to music born of a different
one. Another's suffering social misery could be artistically personalized and
enjoyed in terms of one's personal suffering. As Kierkegaard's famous depiction
of the poet in Either/Or attests, we are referring to
An unhappy man who in his heart harbors a deep anguish, but
whose lips are so fashioned that the moans and cries which pass over them are
transformed into ravishing music. His fate is like that of the unfortunate
victims whom the tyrant Phalaris imprisoned in a brazen bull, and slowly
tortured over a steady fire; their cries could not reach the tyrant's ears so
as to strike terror into his heart; when they reached his ears they sounded
like sweet music. And men crowd about the poet and say to him, "Sing for
us soon again"-which is as much as to say, "May new sufferings
torment your soul, but may your lips be fashioned as before; for the cries
would only distress us, but the music, the music is delightful."
Kierkegaard's description points to the beauty of poetry and
music born of suffering, but he doesn't answer the question of why the reader
or listener is able to identify the beauty as such. There must be something
that connects the audience to the performance. It is not only black people who
sing the blues and listen to it. Many other people do. There are nonblack
people listening to the blues in Australia, Brazil, China, India, Korea,
Russia, everywhere. I very much doubt all of them imagine themselves as
enslaved blacks on cotton and tobacco plantations or those occupying prison cells
in an unfair criminal justice system. To understand this, one would have to
delve more deeply into what the blues are. Suffice it to say here that the
earlier arguments about double consciousness, potentiated double consciousness,
and the dark-side of theory pertain to the blues: all address dimensions of
life that must be confronted though difficult to accept. In that regard, they
reveal, as we have seen, the particularity of misconceived universals, and in
doing so, paradoxically transcend their own particularity into a more
universalising practice. Thus, while born of black suffering, the blues speaks
to modern suffering itself. It thus speaks to anyone confronting the entrails
of modern existence, and since that also relates to postmodern existence,
transcends its specificity. As Ellison put it in Shadow and Act:
The blues is an impulse to keep the painful details and episodes of a brutal experience alive in one's aching consciousness, to finger its jagged grain, and to transcend it, not by the consolation of philosophy but by squeezing from it a near-tragic, near-comic lyricism. As a form, the blues is an autobiographical chronicle of personal catastrophe expressed lyrically.
The blues is about dealing with life's suffering of any kind. Because of this, it is, again as we have seen, the leitmotif of modern life. Black people, we should remember, were produced by the modern world. Their aesthetic production speaks to the age as do few others. We need only think through the many musical manifestations of the blues that have permeated the 20th century and continue into the 21st such as swing, jazz, rhythm and blues, soul, rock n' roll, beguine, mambo, salsa, samba, rock steady, reggae, calypso, samba, and, now, hip hop. Though this list seems disparate, all have roots in some blues form. Moreover, there are aspects of the blues that exemplify their own aesthetic sensibility. Blues music is full of irony. Its sadness exemplifies an adult understanding of life that is both sober and, ironically, sometimes happy. It is a non-delusional happiness often marked by self-deprecation and critical evaluation, the kind of happiness or good humor that is a realization instead of a diversion. It is the beauty of moonlight versus sunshine, although the blues dimensions of a sunny day could be understood through our realisation of how much could lurk in what is hidden in plain sight. Think of the numbness one seeks from alcohol and the reflection offered by the blues, that numbness gets one nowhere.
All blues productions remind us that life is not something to
escape but something to confront. And it does so in its very form. The
classical blues structure is full of repetitions, for instance, that reveal new
layers of meaning about the cyclicality of life. And in this structure,
although a story is retold, it is understood at different levels; the effect of
which is cathartic and after which is a renewed understanding of the point of
origin. The blues agent thus takes responsibility for her or his existence, and
in doing so can also transcend its conceptual framework in flights of
imagination. This dimension of blues performance, marked especially in bebop,
whose genealogy points back to the blues, did not always amuse white patrons of
black exoticism, an observation that Fanon did not fail to notice. He reflects
in Les damnés de la terre:
A memorable example, and one that takes on a certain importance because it is not entirely about a colonial reality, was the reaction of white jazz experts when after the Second World War new styles such as bebop established themselves. Jazz could only be for them the broken, desperate nostalgia of an old nègre [Negro or "nigger"], taken with five whiskies, cursing himself and the racism of the whites. As soon as he understands himself and the world differently, as soon as he raises hope and forces the racist world to recoil, it is clear that he will blow his trumpet to his heart's content and his husky voice will ring out loud and clear (translation mine).
Bebop transcends the misery of blackness fetishised by white
critics and consumers of blackness into the genius of raising the bar and
possibilities of musical performance.
So we return to some elements of blues form, structure, and
performance. We should not, however, reject so easily what could be called ‘the
blues wail' or ‘moan'. It is not only an expression of suffering but also a
reflective one. It transitions, in other words, from the prereflective to the
level on which there is metastability and self-reference. This means, then,
that the blues calls to something often overlooked as an aspiration of blues
people, something manifested beautifully in bebop, which we could, by
extension, consider as an anxiety of modern life: aesthetic and ethical
maturity. Racism is a form of degradation that attempts to bar certain people
from rights and privileges of adult life, such as the dignity of images of
self-worth, while contradictorily blaming them for their lack of access to
these conditions. That is why people who become objects of racism are treated
as perpetual children, people under guardianship of a supposedly adult race.
There is the problem of insult evident here, but there is an additional
consideration to bear in mind: the degraded subjects are adults. They are thus
faced with adult responsibility while being treated as immature subjects. This
frustrating situation has an existential dimension if we were to reflect on the
conditions of enslaved peoples who made daily ethical decisions, were aware of
doing so, but suffered the designation of being property. Nearly every blues
performance and lyric brings out this contradiction. How could one be
responsible for so much over which one does not have control?
We see here the primordial distinction between how things
appear and what they are. But the difference isn't always very clear. There is
repetition in the blues, but each re-instantiation of a theme is uniquely
significant. There is repetition without being the same. It is usually at a
point where there is a chord shift in terms of the music (moving to the
dominant fifth) where revelation occurs. This moment of revelation is often
ironic in that it points back to the singer or subject's role in the condition
at hand. We could call this ‘an assertion of adult sensibility'. Here the blues
artist, after outlining the conditions of suffering, and also embodying the
suffering itself, raises the question of agency and responsibility. I call this
adult sensibility because it points to a central moment in development that all
parents at some point, as parents, reveal to the child who must now grow up:
Life is rarely fair, and one must, often, improvise.
Regarding the latter: That improvisation is a hallmark of
black music. An important element of improvisation that is often overlooked is
that it is not random and the improviser faces responsibility for each creative
formulation. As with jazz, melody, harmony, and rhythm set the stage for what
could no longer be expressed with words. It signals to the call, always, to
express the seemingly ineffable.
With regard to the former: One of the difficult things about
the relationship of reason to justice involves what to do with injustice. There
is much injustice with which life's continued struggle must contend. To cry out
loud against this injustice is not simply a revelation of wrong but also an
acknowledgment of having been wronged. To do so as a wail or moan is to assert
the value of self-for if one were not valuable, why should anyone be concerned
with what has transpired?
The blues thus brings from the inner-life of the afflicted
also an axiology of defiance, and what else is there that emerges from that but
one of the most feared offenses of racially dominated subjects-namely, dignity.
Much of blues performance, whether through music, written texts
(such as those by James Baldwin, Ralph Ellison, Toni Morrison, Richard Wright,
among so many others) and ironically so in those of Frantz Fanon, because of
his at first being critical of the blues, brings forth the human struggle for
dignity to levels political and metaphysical. That the upheavals that
constitute modern life threw so much of humanity into uncertainty makes it no
wonder that this sensibility reaches from Siberia to New Zealand, Canada to the
campsites of Antarctica, and around the planet from Brazil to Angola to
Vietnam.
I could go on, but in this short discussion, I simply want to
close with the opening query. Philosophy, when it reflects on its condition,
cannot help but be blue, for, as Karl Jaspers observed in Philosophy of
Existence, it is a long hymn to Reason, but such a beloved is, as we know, one
who does not always behave.
